1917 - Anita Malfatti has her second exhibition.

1920 - Manuel Lourenço Filho begins, in this decade, a reform of public teaching in Ceará. Simultaneously, Francisco Campos begins educational reforms in Minas Gerais.

1922 - The Semana de Arte Moderna takes place in the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo, in February. The atmosphere of controversies and insults generated by the movement can be felt on Mário’s writings of the period that just follows the Semana.The magazine Revista Klaxon appears in May and is published until January 1923. Mário de Andrade publishes Paulicéia Desvairada.

1924 - The revolution led by Isidoro Dias Lopes erupts in the State capital, São Paulo.

Heitor Lira founds the Brazilian Association of Education, which "had as its main function raising for discussion the subject of education by holding national conferences, publishing magazines, and running various types of courses."

1926 - Fernando de Azevedo assumes the position of Public Instruction Director of the Federal District, remaining until 1930.

1927 - Dissension within the Modernist Movement. Different "clans" appear from this: Anta, Jaboti, Pau Brasil, Antropofagia and Verde-Amarelo.

1928 - The books Macunaíma by Mário de Andrade and Retrato do Brasil by Paulo Prado are published.

1929 - The New York stock exchange crashes. Anísio Teixeira is John Dewey’s student at the University of Columbia.

1930 - The so-called 1930 Revolution errupts in Brazil.

1931 - Anísio Teixeira assumes the position of Public Instruction Director of the Federal District up until 1934, when it changes into the Department of Education and Culture, where he remains until the 1^st of December, 1935.

1932 - Pioneers of the New School manifesto. In the month of February, the magazine A Ordem publishes an article by Alceu Amoroso Lima "alerting Catholics against the prevalence of a laical mentality secularizing the State. Alceu Amoroso Lima rises against the Pioneers of the New School manifesto, which suggests that the concentration of teaching be in the hands of the State, therefore contributing, according to him, to the implantation of the communist regime. He turns against the institutionalization of the new education policy, which, in his eyes, would mean an attack against nationality."

1933 - The book Casa Grande e Senzala by Gilberto Freyre is published.

1934 - About the "routinizing" of the Modernism, during the 1930’s, Antonio Candido says: "In literature, what seemed like a joke begun to be recognised as the norm of the new times, until it penetrated in the closed and under surveillance garden of teaching. We, who had started high school with the old, and, nonetheless, well done anthology of Fausto Barreto and Carlos de Laet (which ends with Bilac and Coelho Neto), saw the rise, in 1933 or 1934, of that one by Estêvão Cruz, who quotes in its beginning, an essay by Tristão de Athaíde about the Modernism, side by side of an extract of Graça Aranha about the Carioca Carnival and which is just followed by an episode of Macunaíma."(Paulo DUARTE: Mário de Andrade por Ele Mesmo. São Paulo, HUCITEC, 1985, p. xvi).

In this year, Getúlio Vargas creates the Departamento de Propaganda e Difusão Cultural linked to the Ministério da Justiça, removing from the Ministério da Educação the scope of not only publicity - possibly under Capanema in the ministry - but also radio and cinema.

1938 - Manuel Lourenço Filho organizes the Instituto Nacional de Estudos Pedagógicos.

1941 - Freedom of press is annulled, individual rights are abolished.

- News about petroleum were prohibited by the DIP (Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda) and information about it was only possible through official reports made by the "Conselho Nacional do Petróleo".

- News of the war: the Germans sink HMS Hood, the largest English battleship, wounding English pride. The English later engage against the Bismark and are victorious.

- The government in close relations with the axis. According to Cavalheiro, "we were living in the time of ‘Bagé’, of ‘Siqueira Campos’, of the triumphant march of a German general through our barracks, of the Minister of War and high-ranking officials being decorated by Hitler’s Germany. We were, after all, in a Fascist regime".

- 6^th of December: The Japanese attack Pearl Harbour, and the United States go to war with Japan, Germany and Italy. In Brazil, the Fascist reaction becomes more violent each day.

- Fernando de Azevedo assumes the position of director of the College of Philosophy, Science and Literature at USP (University of São Paulo), until 1942.

1943 - The victories of the Allied Forces begin to alter the situation of the war.

The situation of the Brazilian press at the time, according to E. Cavalheiro: "Nothing more sad and melancholic than the Brazilian press at that time. The war was being won day by day, but only the BBC’s listeners were aware of such things because in Rio, at the general headquarters of the DIP, captain Amílcar Dutra de Meneses’s bellicose troops are intrepidly and heroically opposing and obstructing Marechal Timoschenko’s troops".

1944 - The German front is blocked in Poland, the Russians invade Prussia. The Allies begin to re-conquer Europe. Victory of the Brazilian "pracinhas" [troops] in Italy. "It is true that the press still continues under rigorous censorship, but each day, here and there, the movement of democratic recovery can be felt with more intensity."

1945 - The end of the New State.

1946 - The presidency is occupied by Eurico Gaspar Dutra.